A Global Review of Invasive Haemophilus Influenzae Diseases from 2000-2023:A Systematic Review of Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Abas Mahammed*, Destaw Damtie and Tirusew Sema
ABSTRACT
Background: Haemophilus influenzae is a causal agent of invasive bacterial diseases that affect both children and adults. H.influenzae is a pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus and it is a common commensal of the upper respiratory tract. It is a human-only pathogen that can cause severe invasive diseases. These bacterial infections can range from mild, such as ear infections, to severe, such as bloodstream infections. The infections typically affect children younger than 5 years old and old age person older than 65 years. They also affect people who are immunocompromised, such as those with certain medical conditions. The highest incidence rates of invasive H.influenzae disease have recently been discovered in various nations, including North America, Canada, and parts of Europe. To monitor the evolving nature of invasive H.influenzae disease critically reviewed data is required to capture the true status of invasiveness of the H. influenzae disease. Developing new vaccines against H.influenzae is a potential solution to protect some vulnerable populations against the invasive disease due to this bacterial species.
Materials & Methods: Since there were not sufficient articles before 2000, we restricted the publication period and examined invasive H. influenzae illness from March 1, 2000 to March 1, 2023. This systematic review was conducted using English databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, to fully extract all pertinent articles published worldwide Findings: A total of 545 articles were recognized in electronic databases, among them eleven articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed in this research. Nearly every country in the European WHO Region included the Hib vaccine in their suggested NIPs. Between 2007 and 2014, 12 European nations reported 10, 624 cases of invasive H. influenzae infection.
Conclusion: this review suggests that an extensive surveillance system that collects information on serotype, genotype, immunological characterization, and vaccination status is required to follow the trends described in this Review and eradicate H. influenzae illnesses and their global impacts.This review article thoroughly investigates recent and up-to-date biomedical science perspective development, innovation, findings, publications and current areas of scientific interest and gap including pathogenicity, diagnosis, multidrug-resistance, Molecular characterization and genetic evolution, epidemiology and immunological characteristics of H. influenzae, including specific current issues that are affecting the research and development of vaccines to treat H.influenzae non-serotype b diseases and providing insight into how these problems may be overcome.
